Medicine NAD

Section 07 · The record

NAD+ references and DOIs

Every quantitative claim on this site maps to one of these sources. Author, journal, year, DOI and PubMed link for each.

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How to read this list

These are the NAD+ studies cited across this digest, numbered to match the inline markers on every page. The set spans the human precursor trials (NMN and NR), the mechanism and aging reviews, the rodent and in-vitro foundation, and the 2025 Nature Metabolism synthesis of the human evidence. Where a study used NMN or NR, it is a precursor study — not a study of "taking NAD+" — and the citation reflects that. Full reference details follow below.

The shape of the evidence base

The strongest human entries are the randomized, placebo-controlled precursor trials: Yoshino 2021 in Science on muscle insulin sensitivity [1], the Yi 2023 multicenter NMN dose-response in GeroScience [3], the Conze 2019 NR blood-NAD+ trial in Scientific Reports [4], and the Liao 2021 and Kim 2022 functional-endpoint studies [7][6]. The mechanism and aging picture rests on Covarrubias 2021 in Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology [5], Camacho-Pereira 2016 on CD38 [2], and Fouquerel 2014 on PARP1 [13]. The rodent foundation — Mills 2016, Yoshino 2011 — and the macrophage/inflammasome work [11][14][15] explain the biology the human trials test. The 2025 Nature Metabolism review [12] is the current synthesis of how far the human evidence actually reaches.

Every DOI below resolves to the published record, and every PubMed link opens the abstract. If a citation here looks mismatched to a claim on another page, that is a correction worth sending — the contact page exists partly for that.

  1. Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. ↗
  2. Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. ↗
  3. Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. ↗
  4. Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. ↗
  5. Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. ↗
  6. Kim M, Seol J, Sato T, et al. Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):755. ↗
  7. Liao B, Zhao Y, Wang D, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation enhances aerobic capacity in amateur runners: a randomized, double-blind study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021;18(1):54. ↗
  8. Mills KF, Yoshida S, Stein LR, et al. Long-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice. Cell Metab. 2016;24(6):795-806. ↗
  9. de Guia RM, Agerholm M, Nielsen TS, et al. Aerobic and resistance exercise training reverses age-dependent decline in NAD+ salvage capacity in human skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep. 2019;7(12):e14139. ↗
  10. Yoshino J, Mills KF, Yoon MJ, Imai SI. Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD+ intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice. Cell Metab. 2011;14(4):528-536. ↗
  11. Shim DW, Cho HJ, Hwang I, et al. Intracellular NAD+ Depletion Confers a Priming Signal for NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:765477. ↗
  12. Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD+ precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. ↗
  13. Fouquerel E, Sobol RW. ARTD1 (PARP1) activation and NAD+ in DNA repair and cell death. DNA Repair (Amst). 2014;23:27-32. ↗
  14. Cameron AM, Castoldi A, Sanin DE, et al. Inflammatory macrophage dependence on NAD+ salvage is a consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(4):420-432. ↗
  15. Wang C, Chen Q, Chen S, et al. Serine synthesis sustains macrophage IL-1β production via NAD+-dependent protein acetylation. Mol Cell. 2024;84(4):744-759. ↗